Students in Colonial Times vs. Todays Students

The purpose of education in historical and contemporary times is threefold. One, an educated citizenry is important for democratic processes. Secondly, it enables assimilation into the American culture, and thirdly, it allows the establishment of a stable workforce that acts as the backbone of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Students in Colonial Times vs. Today’s Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other than the films that give us a glimpse of how things were, empirical research that looks into ancient history in relation to education is limited. Historical influences on higher education institutions are felt to date. Pursuing education in college was a rare phenomenon prior to colonial times. Harvard, started in 1636, was the first American college to train the sons of the colonialists to prepare them for ministerial, legislative and public office positions. Students who felt that t hey were not up for taking high public offices, went to practical schools or apprenticeships (Duniway para 1). Nowadays, there are different groups of students from different ethnicities and races, and they are all taught together. In addition, there is much investment into the education system in comparison with colonial times. However historical influence on modern higher education institution is evident because the attainment of college/university education credentials by students in the United States is still low (Hunt Jr. para 5-6). In Texas, the situation is aggravated; hence, the reason for studying this state. One major change in the education system has been the integration of students from different cultural and ethnic background into one class. However, there seems to be a gap in the identification of student needs based on race, and this justifies the disparities in education attainment. Unlike in the modern times when tertiary education is emphasized, students pursued e ducation based on their capabilities.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study will target Texas State with a bias towards Houston because it is the city with the largest population. Currently, pursuance of education at tertiary institutions mainly depends on one’s financial backgrounds. Despite the investment put in to encourage school attendance after secondary level, poor students continue to miss out. In the contemporary knowledge-based economy, educated individuals at higher levels are paramount. In comparison with historical America, most children learned how to read and write at home because the woman stayed back in the house to take care of her husband and children. As a result, home education was common. However, this is different because industrialization has led to raised standards of living. Subsequently, the woman has to work, and the child mainly learns how t o read and write at school (Peterson para 15). In addition, education in colonial America helped students to gain the basic skills required to get along in society. In my current study that is likely to have confounding factors associated with historical and cultural influence on higher education institutions, I will engage the target population in focus discussion groups and seminars. These workshop seminars and focus discussion groups will trigger the appreciation of different cultures. While coding student characteristics, the engagement of the subjects in FGDs will help to understand the characteristics of students in relation to the different cultures but which fall within a particular trait. Higher education is considered the engine of the economy and democracy. The American system has been molded to encourage students to pursue their education after 8th grade, 12th grade or high school diploma. Despite the friendly circumstances, attainment of education credentials at tertiar y level is low.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Students in Colonial Times vs. Today’s Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Houston and Texas, the situation is worse compared to the nation. Poor completion rates have remained constant, and there is need to establish the factors associated with such stagnation. Hence, the purpose of this study that aims to look at student characteristics as potential factors. Works Cited Duniway, Bob. A Brief History of Higher Education in America. Winning the College Game, 2008. Web. Hunt Jr., James. Educational Leadership for the 21st Century. The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, 2006. Web. Peterson, Robert. Education in Colonial America. Foundation for Economic Education, 1983. Web. This proposal on Students in Colonial Times vs. Today’s Students was written and submitted by user Niko Bonner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What is the effect of mass on friction Essay Example

What is the effect of mass on friction Essay Example What is the effect of mass on friction Essay What is the effect of mass on friction Essay To conduct this experiment, certain materials will be required. These include the following: 2 force meters (one that measures forces up to 5 Newtons and one that measures forces up to 10 Newtons), a mass i.e. a block of wood of about 15cm3, a table or any smooth surface, a strip of slightly grainy sandpaper and another strip of more grainy sandpaper. The experiment will be set up as shown below (fig 1).Fig 2This experiment was set up into two sections, firstly the effect of mass on dynamic friction and then the effect of mass on static friction.Dynamic Friction: For the dynamic friction experiment, the force of friction will be read off the force meter. This is due to Newtons second law stating that Fnet = ma. When the block is being pulled along at constant speed, the acceleration is 0 so Fnet = 0. Therefore P = F and so the force shown on the force meter is equal to the frictional force.A hook should first be placed into the block of wood so that it may be pulled along by the forc e meter. Then the block must be massed and its mass recorded (see table of results) along with its weight (for this experiment 100g = 1N). The mass is then placed onto the first surface and the force meter hooked onto it. Refer to the pilot test to know which force meter would be more suitable at this stage. The block is then pulled along the surface at constant speed and the reading on the force meter should be recorded in the table of results. Repeat this reading two or three times to increase its reliability and then calculate an average of all the readings. Remember to include the repeat readings and the average in your table of results. The experiment should then be set up again using the same block of wood and the same surface but by adding a mass onto the block thus increasing its weight. The new mass and weight of the block should also be recorded in the table of results. The block is then pulled along at constant speed by the force meter and its reading recorded along with the repeat readings. Repeat this about 7 times, each time adding an extra mass on ( the mass being added on should be the same each time).This whole procedure must then be repeated on each surface using the same block of wood, the same surfaces and materials and the same intervals of masses to ensure fair testing. For each experiment there should only be one variable that changes: the mass, all others should be controlled and kept constant.Static Friction: This experiment is set up in the exact same way, keeping the same variables and materials. This time, the block should not be pulled along the surface at constant speed but the force meter should be pulled gently until the block moves. The reading must be taken just as the block moves. This should be repeated as in the dynamic friction experiment and the same masses should be added. All readings should be recorded in a separate table.Now that the experiment is prepared, a pilot test can be carried out. In this pilot test the range of readings will be chosen along with which surfaces to choose from. Our range of masses was chosen to be from 0 1 kg with 8 readings on each of the three surfaces. A choice of five surfaces was offered and the three chosen were the ones that differentiated the most from each other. Very grainy sandpaper was supplied but during the pilot test it was found that as it the grains were so large, the lighter masses would just glide right over them.Friction is a force that tries to oppose motion. It is caused when two surfaces are in contact, by the roughness of the materials rubbing against each other, deformations in the materials, and a molecular attraction between materials. If looked through a microscope, friction on the molecular level is due to the unevenness of the surfaces. The two surfaces would have bumps, hills and valleys that would interfere with the sliding motion. If mass was to be added to these surfaces, the bumps and valleys would be pushed harder together, locking th em tighter together making it harder to move them. This means that as more masses are added onto the block, the reading on the force meter will go up proportionally. Therefore if we plot a graph of the force on the force meter over the weight, a straight line through the origin should be obtained.

Adult Educational and Training Opportunities Essay

Adult Educational and Training Opportunities - Essay Example Research has proven that baby boomers who approach the retiring age of 65 often find themselves in good health and willing and able to work (Kelch & Harris, 2000). Hence, there is enormous potential for adult education and training opportunities for them. Keeping in view the above scenario, the dilemma lies in how to steer educational and training efforts of adults towards helping the older adults (baby boomers) maintain their skills at workforce. A training need analysis would reveal that there are three key aspects involved in doing so: preparing the in-service, current pre-professional and paraprofessional educational and training opportunities, training certifications, funding and cultural issues as well as issues in climbing up the corporate ladder (New York State Office for Ageing, 2011). Research also shows that the baby boomers tend to be more ethnically diverse and have higher education level than preceding generations (New York State Office for Ageing, 2011). Shortages in l abor supply are likely to result as people providing ole age care will be simultaneously retiring in large numbers.

Managing Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Change - Research Paper Example Of the factors marked with an * rank them and identify which represent a threat and which an opportunity. 3) Page 6.1 p99 of text (Think of an occasion in the past three years when the organ. recognised the need for change in good time, and think of another time when it failed to do so. List the factors which may have contributed to these different outcomes. (Factors that contributed to the recognition for the need for change and factors that contributed to the failure to recognise the need for change (Table) Reflect on your unit's past record for recognising the need for change. Note anything that you or others could do to help ensure that in the future your unit or organisation will be more alert to the need for change. (Notes) The company chosen for analysis is VTech. It is, to use their own words, "one of the world's largest suppliers of corded and cordless telephones" (TEL) "and a leading supplier of electronic learning products" (ELP's). "It also provides highly sought-after contract manufacturing services" (CMS). "Founded in 1976, the Group's mission is to be the most cost-effective designer and manufacturer of innovative high quality consumer electronics products and to distribute them to markets worldwide in the most efficient manner." (Results FY 2007) It may be noted that VTech has made several changes in the past five years (2001-02 to 2006-07), some on its own, and some in response to environmental stimuli. It must however be noted that none of these changes are transformational in nature. This is not to deny the major changes that have occurred. But even the major changes may be classified as 'incremental' because there has been no change in the basic structure of the Company. (Hayes, ch1, pp15-17) Q2 Current Nature of the External Environment faced by VTech Political 1) Hong Kong (HK) where VTech is located was a British Colony, which has reverted to China in 1997. 2) HK has a unique history of being politically close to both China and the West.* Economic 3) HK can retain its economic independence from China for 50 years after 1997*. 4) VTech has access to cheaper labour in China, where it has located some of its production facilities.* 5) HK, like China and Japan, has a unique set up of manufacturing of an imitative nature, where it competitively produces the same products made by the West. Some of VTech's products also fall into this category. Technological 6) Technological changes in the telecom sector have been rather fast* Socio-Cultural 7) The age at which people start using hand phones is getting lower. Even children use these phones* Linkages PI, P2, E3 and E4 are linked directly or positively.E5 and T6 are indirectly or negatively linked. Quick technological changes make it difficult to come out with good imitations. Besides, tightening of patent laws to include products and not only processes, make it more difficult to 'imitate'. T6 and S7 are also positively linked. A decrease in the age of users could speed up technological changes to meet the demands of the new clientele. Classification of Factors Vital for VTech's Survival into Threats and Opportunities. Threats

Accounting issues over the next three years that should be addressed Essay

Accounting issues over the next three years that should be addressed with FASB - Essay Example Accounting standards are very crucial to the effective functioning of the economy. This is mainly because most of the decisions pertaining to the allocation of resources rely heavily on credible, concise, transparent, and comprehensible financial information. The FASB develops accounting concepts as well as standards for financial reporting. It also provides guidance on how to implement them. These concepts are useful in guiding the Board in establishing standards and in providing a frame of reference, or conceptual framework, for resolving accounting issues. Perhaps the most important issue that the FASB has been working on is to reduce the complexity and to improve the usefulness and transparency of reporting financial information. According to the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) there is a need for comparability of financial statements, need for implementation guidance and a need for an appropriate transition. In 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board voted unanimously to revamp rules on lease accounting that allow revising the rules that permit companies to keep certain leases off their balance sheets. The board agreed to work jointly on the project with the International Accounting Standards Board. However, the FASB Chairman Robert Herz, himself admitted that amendments to FAS 13 may not be finalized till late in 2009. This project is also to be done to coordinate lease accounting standards with the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) which sets accounting standards for Europe and many other countries. The IASB and the FASB have significant differences in the way they treat leases. Although both follow the concept of capital and operating leases but FAS 13 (which questions whether the lease term is 75% or more of the economic life, and whether the present value of the rents is 90% or more of the fair value) is not used by the IASB, which prefers a

How To Revive Ijtihad And Reopen Closed Doors Religion Essay

How To Revive Ijtihad And Reopen Closed Doors Religion Essay This third chapter is to seek what caused stagnation in Ijtihad, than find answers for how to possibly revive and initiate a Revolutionary Contemporary Ijtihad? It looks also at its common misconceptions and finally cites the newly existing subjects; which need an urgent attention from current mujtahids. What Caused Stagnation In Ijtihad? Current Ijtihad is severely suffering crisis of thought and lack of prospective. Ijtihad à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦began to be viewed as limited to legal matters, rather than as methodology for dealing with all aspects of life. (Al-Alwani, 2005, p.65). And even the broad judicial matters that relate to methodology of all aspects of life become narrowed and confined into few legal matters. This limitation made Ijtihad to become more duplicate and unable to prompt solutions, or meet the current challenges. The causes of stagnation are actually at multiple levels; political, social, moral, but the most important for this project is that related to intellect of mujtahids and Ijtihad itself. The methods of reading and interpreting the Islamic heritage itself also suffered from serious lapsesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦reflected in doctrinal splits, political and intellectual muddles. (Tamimi Esposito, 2002, p. 153). There are serious debates and criticism that the Contemporary Ijtihad school has been initiated to oppose the orthodox schools which strictly adheres to Al-Shafi orthodox formulation of the principles of shariah Law, and criticise the Abbasids political coercion of what existed of Ijtihad outside the sphere of the four officially adopted Sunni schools of thought. These debates and criticism reveal the unbridgeable chasm between the adherents of classical schools and some modernist tendencies to seek  more flexible and liberal approach to Ijtihad. People seeking knowledge were thus caught between following alien contemporary thought or sticking to old traditional ways of thinking (Al-Alwani, 2005, p. 1). The core of dispute appears to be about the role and function of Prophetic Sunnah/ Hadith, in the equation of Ijtihad; bedsides to the revering grade of secondary sources such as; consensus, analogy, and Shafi principles! A healthy process of Ijtihad should seek continually for the best way to improve its ways and contemplate on what cause stagnation; rejection of each-others, chronic sectarianism, political oppression, social injustices, economic slowdown and nesting fanaticism. Regrettably  these negativities are even aggravating and running out of control; the Muslim nation lives in turbulence; Palestinian lands are still occupied, imperialist west and sectarian wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somali, Sudanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Muslims are turning against each others, dictatorships flourishing The tricky problem is what caused stagnation in the first place? Imam Shafi as the other early Muslim jurists set the foundation of Muslim classical jurisprudence principles; in order to wipe out the prevailing confusion and bring unity to the Muslims. In theory, Shafii distinguished simply between the argument taken from traditions and the results of systematic thoughtShafii created the usul alfiqh. (Semerdjian, 2008, p.16) He introduced the grade of precedence for the compiled testimonial Based-Hadith of the Prophet as well as the secondary conjectural sources of consensus, analogy, and logical jurisprudential principles, then empowered them to become as revered as the Quranic teachings. He might have a noble intention seeking Muslim unity, but his method is for sure erroneous; as his formulation of principles surely proved not always to be bright. He must have caused a significant problem for every generation, as creativity has stayed confined for over a millennium! The fear of traditionalist that theological debates may create havoc and uncertainty is groundless; as there is already a great deal of havoc and uncertainty because of the accumulated Ijtihad methods and absolute policies. The traditionalist school has to defend its position in free open theological debates, on the base of Quranic teachings that human are able to rationalise for themselves; as it is baseless to claim that such debated matters have already been argued and resolved along before. To advance positively the civilization; every generation need to revise and sift its heritage by retaining the good facets and discarding the bad ones. Within the shariah spheres; the theological debates have to be liberated again from Shafis traditional-blockade. There is prevailing concurrence asserts that the Muslim-thought continued to thrive luminously for three centuries after the Prophets death, introducing such top-calibre historian such as al-Tabari, mathematician such as Al-Khawarizmi, astronomer such as al-Battani, physicist such as Al-Biruni, and many others.  (Said Khan, 1996, p.44). The orthodox school with its anti-evolutionary and absolutist attitude is still the major obstacle for the modern school to re-conquest the Ijtihads territories that was owned once, in the early centuries! This liberal modernist relativist attitude does not wide-open the doors for revolutionary Ijtihad; it is just an add-on tension to the conflict where orthodox Muslims have sporadically labelled them as non-believers and issued death-religious-edicts against them! It will be better to have comprehensive outlook  where absolutism and relativism coexist and cooperate rather as a pair.   One of the key problems challenging the Muslim nation now is frequently swamped in nostalgia for long-ago glories and confined into the past customary approaches of Ijtihad. The hard-hitting equation that the past Muslim scholars paved the way for Western notions of reason which tended to be sophisticatedly categorised for example Western critique of reason is outstandingly segmented into various types of reasoning: critical reason, functional reason, instrumental reason, imperialist reason, abstract reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ While the Muslim scholars of Ijtihad are still oblivious which definition should be given to reason whether analogical or consensualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Instead of seriously looking how to revive their Ijtihad and enriching it with the new scientific achievements! 02. How to Revive Ijtihad? The classical mujtahids in naÃÆ' ¯ve attempt to establish a uniting universal rules to solve the legislative problems of their time; they ended in abating the Ummah intellectual powers. A proper Ijtihad would not be initiated unless the call to Ijtihad becomes widespread intellectual (Al-Alwani, 1993a, p.234); emancipated from the existing traditional schools of thought while its religious institutions independent from the manoeuvring of political regimes.   What the Muslim Ummah should bear in mind; without the mean of Ijtihad; it will never rise to the Muslims inspiration, solve their problems, and earn a respectful place in the current world! Regarding the question of who is eligible to practice Ijtihad, Allah endowed every human with the right to reason for himself; it would be absurd to claim that access to reasoning in Muslim Ummah is the exclusive right of a few qualified? Ijtihad is not only open to the ones who displays moral excellence of piety and equity, further attained a high status in Arabic linguistics and branches of jurisprudence; deep understanding of the fundamentals of the original sources and Islamic historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In fact, every Muslim has the full right to engage in creative and scientific reasoning, as he should not allow Ijtihad to be hijacked by legal scope, a political authority or handful of male jurists, whose Ijtihad achievement is private and suspending female and collective contributions?   Ijtihad should now confront, in Muslim societies, the reality of current circumstances and variations; which urge a serious study of the Muslim societal needs and aspirations for social justice, freedom of expression, economic prosperity,  and moral governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hence, the required Ijtihad should be revolutionary and make the present-world patent in the light of Islam not rather Islam interpreted in the shade of the present-world as it is reflected indirectly in the tendencies and forms of liberal contemporary Ijtihad. 03. Revolutionary Contemporary Ijtihad: To escape this long lasting vicious circle, the Muslims should think outside the models of past Ijtihad! By going back to the simple basic Quranic precepts such as Let there arise out of you a group of people inviting to all that is good, enjoining the good (Al-Marà »f) and forbidding the wrong (Al-Munkar). And it is they who are the successful. (Quran, 3:104) You (Muslims), the best nation ever raised up to mankind commanding the right, warding off the mischief and believing in Allah. (Quran, 3:110) yet, so simple, but religious theologians mystified them by their inconsistent and idiotic offers such as Muslim would get blessing from Quranic recitals even if he might not grasp a word of what he recites; simultaneously, Muslims should not attempt to comprehend the Quran as it is beyond their comprehensions; in actual fact distancing the Muslims from the essence of Islamic message-the actual Quran itself. How it comes that the Sunni traditionalists have claimed for more revered secondary sources because the Quran for them contains finite rulings; whereas Allah himself certified in his Book that is complete: All the creatures on earth and all the birds that fly with wings are communities like you. We did not leave anything out of this scripture, to their Lord; all these creatures will be summoned.(Quran, 6:38). The Quran offers great comprehensive teachings and a right life-guidance to all mankind; as its moral aspects are potently reflected in the successful model of all Allahs Prophets and His last Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon all of them). Onceas a source of Muslim creativity the proper theological debates and proper Quranic teachings are liberated, then Ijtihad as rationale and method will automatically rehabilitate and the creative intellectual activity will mechanically flow. On the basis of the universal dogma taught in the Quran; the contemporary Ijtihad should take two principal forms: the practical and the theoretical, In spite of the preservation about philosophy because of 12th century Ghazzalis eminent philosophy-refutation. Muslim societies should allow and encourage the Critical philosophical thinking for inquisitive thought according to the Quranic teachings. While the practical form of Ijtihad should not be just confined in rituals and the dichotomy of what is permissible and not permissible; it has rather to be bravely involved in all levels of legislations at the fields of politics, economics, and social life. Similarly the academic credentials should not be equalised to stern thought or an apprehension for society. Figure.05 summarises what contemporary Ijtihad, in my view, should encompass to stir a revolutionary move towards a fruitful Ijtihad?   All other sciences Challenge/ traditions Primary -Quran Imaginative impulse Qua creative Analogical/ legal Both genders Collective/ communal Consultative/ expertise Figure.05 The Essential Possible Components of revolutionary Ijtihad What Revolutionary Ijtihad should encompass! THE ENTITLED SEVERAL SOURCES CONSULTATIVE APPROACH THE SCOPE SPHERES Sciences Sphere Politico-Societal sphere Religious Sphere TOOLS of RATIONALE/ Rational inquiry Rational Criticism Theological debates In short, the Algerian scholar Malik   Bennabi in his book Les Conditions de la Renaissance (1948) has brought up, the foremost independence; is the mind independence from the lasting effects of both traditional Ijtihad tenets and Western colonialism which nurtured the Muslim feelings with inferiorities and shaped Muslim-mind with fluctuated ideologies. To realise this mind independency, the very basic concept of monotheism (tawhid) should be restored to its origins that a Muslim fears and bows only to Allah, all human are free intellectually and socially equal. From here He would seek and follow what Allah has already defined in His own words as the right-path, this is, in fact, the most significance step towards Ijtihad revival far from misconceptions of the Western influence and classical Ijtihad. 4. Misconceptions in Ijtihad: The aforementioned views concerning current Ijtihad are due to some key misconceptions that have slithered into mujtahids mindset: some scholars state that the Ijtihad-doors are closed because the early scholars have discussed every issue and settle it; simultaneously to practice Ijtihad you need to have the knowledge of one of those leading scholars such as Shafi; the scope of Ijtihad include only definite matters as shariah rule. Ijtihad is the field of only selected elite and only allowed in the absence of clear textà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ijtihad is not a private privilege of some religious or scholarly elite as it does not occurs only in legal areas; therefore Islamic evidences have to be discussed directly upon any novel issues. Ijtihad should be open for private and collective mujtahids based on autonomous ground; as it should cover all areas of a Muslim-life. Ijtihad is also an individual obligation of every Muslimwhether man or women with sound rationale to be involved in the contemporary Ijtihad that can reflect on different old and new subjects. 5. New subjects for Ijtihad: The subjects of Ijtihad are as multiple as the spheres of life; as well as its scope are so-broad and unlimited. Ijtihad subjects might envelop all simultaneous matters of a Muslim-life while its scope might encompass all matters that hold the Muslims interests. Indeed, Islam deals with all life-aspects and covers all human situations. It is therefore not true that Ijtihad should not stipulate upon the complex and far-attaining subjects which need now to be examined and investigated. 1. The mission statement of modern Ijtihad is to spread and imply the creator message of mercy and wisdom to benefit the whole mankind and globe, Islam hence as divine message is global and not monopole of tribe, race, or particular society in particular land. Message of Islam embeds a humanitarian and global spirit; Muslims therefore should reinterpret the classical narrow outlook to divide the world into what is world of Islam and what is world of no-Islam. Emphasis should be placed on responsible citizenship for the whole mankind in the whole globe with all its add-on aspects of other creatures and environments 2. Shariah objectives should be more explored; as its scope in the Quran go beyond the five universal tenets introduced by Al-Shatibiprotection of faith, intellect, life, property, and lineage to safeguarding morality and freedom, prevailing peace and mercy, establishing social justice and order, and protecting peoples stability and interests in all events. Hence; every Ijtihad should observe synchronically ihsan in all the shariah objectives whether universal or conventional; simultaneously eliminate their paradoxes of mental and physical servitude, tyranny, injustice, cruelty, disorder, immorality and harm. The modern Ijtihad should indeed preserve and observe the Shariah objectives and Shariah constitutes. 3. Political and social realities of Modern life have generated about countless and complex problems in the Islamic societies. Following this comprehensive broadened approach necessitates that the contemporary Ijtihads fields and scope should cover all the spheres of what the Muslim-life noticeably occupies and should not stay confined in the jurisprudential notions and their terminological implications; or confined into legal matters in the proficient notions, but they should also cover political, economic, social, administrative, medical, educational, scientific and circumstantial aspects plus any aspect associated in time with the Muslim society. 4. Islamic Economics today need radical U-turn to procure creatively novel Islamic economic theories fully binding to the Quranic ethical guidelines and far away from adaptation to western fluctuated secular economic theories and also far away from reconciling tendencies on the expenses of Islamic Shariah equitable aims. Indeed without denying the due process that incorporates modern elements of the existing economic theories. What cause the Muslim world impoverishment and how can it be altered? How could Muslims build correlation with world economics without compromising their equitable principles of Islam? 5. Muslims today are confronting many new issues that require urgently attention to be inferred such as: The role and rights of women in Islam has to be reconsidered carefully by examining the original scripture-the Quran. The Sunnis and Shiites doctrinal gap and that one existing in between various Islamic schools of thought need a well-devised system to promote similarities and eliminate prejudices; why not dissolve the sectarian spirit among Muslims through spreading tolerance and dialogue. 6. How to create a Unity among Muslim states despite their contingent differences, at the same time how to form Islamic political authority systematically without being subject to influence by the historically formulated Islamic political systems after the demise of the Prophet, and even far from the western doctrine of democracy. How can Muslim states collaborate together and how to create preliminary unity among Muslim states? How to create proper Ethical-based Islamic governmental system that could become even a model to promote democratic systems in the whole world. 7. Modern Ijtihad should look for better concept of formulating treaties whether among the Muslim or across the other humanitarian societies, in a way it preserves the universal ethics and looks for conventional grounds to manage conflicts and clash between mankind societies. Proper Islamic Ijtihad should be used to guide Muslims and to act as model for none Muslims. 8. Ijtihad should inevitably foster a better communication for mutual relations with people of diverse faiths and cultures to promote positive dialogue and peace among various groups and nations around the globe instead of encouraging the impression of a clash across cultures and civilizations. Conclusion: If the current Ijtihad remains unclear and our thinkers stay still captive to that restrictions imposed upon Muslims a long time ago; leaving them with a lot of misconceptions and little room for creative and incentive free thought; there would be never any change in the Muslim Ummah situation: Thus, Allah does not change the condition of any people unless they themselves make the decision to change. If Allah wills any hardship for any people, no force can impede it; for they have none beside Him as Lord and Master. (Quran, 13:11) Hence, all stratums of Muslim-societies regardless to their gender and sect; religious jurists and academic scholars should project mutual sincerity, tolerance, openness, and dialogue to make a change and build a fruitful Ijtihad with a greater Muslim world to represent the Muslim nation with an ideal-image of Islam; work also hand in hand to find an alternative approach for more effective creative Ijtihad which can cope with our current piling-up problems! Chapter IV: Is there any alternative approach to new effective Ijtihad? Introduction: This last chapter is devoted to seek for an alternative approach to Ijtihad where creative impulse and the faculty of imagination are employed to broaden the scope of Ijtihad beyond the narrow legal compass to include all the other subjects of modern life. Then it looks for the suitability of each type of Ijtihad, by pointing out the key points that risen a dispute among Sunnis and Shiite regarding opinionative Ijtihad, and what type of Ijtihad should be forbidden for mujtahids to engage in. Islamic Ijtihad is the sole legitimate device for intellectual rationale within the house of Islam; historically tracing its developments reveals three different modes: for Muslim Ijtihad as a interpretive and legislative tool, a type of technical reasoning for jurists; while for common Muslims Ijtihad was a creative and imaginative impulse. Muslim scholars are still speculative and imprecise about Ijtihad nature and generally the Ijtihad term implies either to an interpretive approach or legal analogical reasoning. Unlike the privileged jurists who knowledgably practiced their Ijtihad technicalities in their private auspices; ordinary Muslims before the nine century employed their initiative, imaginative and creative impulse to practice Ijtihad in their day-to-day life and environment to meet their life necessities within the framework of their Islamic set of beliefs, ethics, and Quranic notions. An Alternative Approach: Qua Creative and Imaginative Impulse: 1. An Alternative Approach: Creative Impulse The contemporary Iranian sociologist, Dr. Ali Shariati suggests an alternative approach to Ijtihad i.e creative impulse and imagination (Ibrahim, 2008, P.188); essentially to emancipate Muslim prospects and construct a new world that would stimulate the Islamic civilization to flourish. Earlier Muslim thinkers of the second period of the nineteenth centuries initiated such a trend of thinking, unfortunately such a refreshing wave was suffocated by the reputed jurists of the time; because for them it might create among the Muslims confusion and disunity which were already swamping the nation. In realty, they did not like the very idea of Ijtihad as creative` and imaginative impulse; because they were captives of classical technical Ijtihad; they also perceived this movement as a threat to their social status and even to their source of revenues. For example the Quran has a great creative impulse as inspiring force behind the birth of the flourishing sciences at a time when Muslim began reflecting on Quranic notions and its inductive reasoning. The dynamic notions of creation and universe in the Quran stirred evolutionary movements; the Quran knowledge also constitute of historical notions that urged its readers to rethink the cited experience of mankind in the Quran à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc Then in so being, by the fourteenth century, a new trend of theological, mathematic, scientific, astronomic and philosophical inquiries were initiated. Sadly this legacy did not last for long, and then the qua creative of Islamic thought endured rapid decline as a result of internal Muslim-turbulences such as the occurrence of rational conservatism Muslims, sectarian storms; sciences declined rapidly while more stiff theory of Ijtihad rulings and narrower prospectus prevailed. The door for Ijtihad was closed and never opened again? Any attempts to free qua creative of Islamic thought -have been tainted by the orthodox and dogmatic radical trends with cynicism kufr and innovations bidah up till now. It seems that the application of Ijtihad that was approved by the Prophet is qua creative thinking as he did not restrain it by methodology; similarly although there is no explicit Quranic text on Ijtihad, the Quranic plea to sensible enquiry and thinking is also not attached by certain attitude of Ijtihad. Hence, it becomes so clear that the Prophet, peace be upon him, also considered Ijtihad as a creative impulse rather than technical and legal reasoning which later was developed in affluence. Alas, the methodology of Ijtihad has been encapsulated in the scope of principle of jurisprudences while they are themselves an artefact of Ijtihad. In the course of time; this methodology has been dramatically shaped by several factors; such as sectarianism, political atmosphere of monarchic caliphate, figurative thought such as analogy (qiyas) and clustered accord such as consensus; and so resulted into an unpleasant cost for Ijtihad. It ludicrously imposes restrictions on thinking by construed culture and untouchable traditions; alternatively, free imaginative and creative reasoning would be enhanced and orientated with an ethical and innate Islamic approach of regulations. 2. An Alternative Approach: Imaginative Thinking to Ijtihad: Imaginative insight is not yet encapsulated by procedures and definitions framework of Ijtihad; Quran seems to provide symbols and markers of the unique thinking attribute such as innateness, imagination, and constructive criticism which inspire quite often the creative mind for new ingenious ideas. The thinking is one of the greatest Creators gifts and sign of His creation that can fit as divine example of Gods power of creation. The imaginative thinking of bien-fait mind of a Muslim thinker can be also glistened by sources and tainted by cultural and religious influence, it is therefore to be explored and explained adequately to avoid being trapped in its deceptive prospects! For instance, imagination is required to grasp the essence of these Sunnis Prophetic statements upheld in a famous hadith in which the Prophet instructed Pursue knowledge even to China, for its pursuance is the sacred duty of every Muslim. ( Al-Bukhari , V. 4, p.357} and in a further hadith explained that wisdom was the lost property of the believer; he was permitted to it wherever he found it. (Al-Tirmidhi, v.1, p.245) Hence, wisdom and knowledge must, therefore have been the ultimate achievements of human marvellous and creative thinking. The outcomes of creative thinking are often experienced in global spirituality and far beyond geographical settings or physical objects. Hopefully those sages of Muslim societies wisely adopt an imaginative thinking in their agendas of deliberations to inspire them into the genuine visions; caused them to narrow the remoteness and division between the intellect and the culture; commit themselves to better serving human fraternity, solidarity and g lobal civilization. Furthermore; Quranic verse which states that Good and evil cannot be equalised. Repel evil with goodness; those who are foes become your best friends. (Quran, 41:34), incite you to envisage a different future, reasoning on this verse without using imagination does not help to get near its essence. So imagination is here an input to a better future, it is also the input to a fine society. Imaginative Ijtihad must cooperate with legal reasoning without being hampered by it. Imaginative and creative Ijtihad should be therefore adopted by mujtahids to practice true Ijtihad, which cannot be a true Ijtihad unless scholars are free to express their opinions and others are free to criticize them if they make errors. (Smock, 2004, p.4) Novelty and success of Muslim nation necessitates the absolute involvement of the average Muslims in practice of a creative impulse Ijtihad to unravel their every day dilemmas. The Rationale is not the only legitimate way to revelation, theological debates should be also left open to average Muslims to express their alternate notions of reality within the given sense of human innateness, which enables them to morally sense what is right and what is wrong. Performing Ijtihad as imaginative impulse, creative thinking or legal reasoning accrues potential dangers that of being confined in the retrains of the past Ijtihad. For example although few Muslim scholars had attempted to ban slavery such as the Algerian scholar Ahmed b. Yahya al-Wansharisi whose famous fatwa described slavery as a humiliation and a servitude caused by previous or current unbelief, and having its purpose as to discourage unbelief(Clearence-Smith, 2006, p.28); most traditional scholars have failed to prohibit slavery, neglecting the essential universal Quranic teachings of human social-equality; since the slavery practice had always subsisted, the scholars were letdown by their poorer imagination and subdued them from accomplishing an insight-change as they could not imagine a world free of slaves, so-many Muslim scholars rather hold on the opinionative Ijtihad of there is nothing wrong with maintaining the evil institutions of slavery up-till- now! Dispute over Opinionative Ijtihad: Verily, the Muslim Shiites and Sunnis opinions are clashingly divided on the issue of what kind of Ijtihad is forbidden in Islam! Unlike fiqh Al-ather narrative based hadith approach to Ijtihad-that thrived in Shiite Jafari, Sunnis Malliki and Hanbali schools, fiqh alray developed in Iraq as (jurisprudence based on personal analogical efforts; This trend, which early on crystallized in the Hanafi School, fostered reasoning by analogy (Qiyas or Ijtihad Alray) and juridical preference (Istihsan). (Crow, 2005, p. 12). But how each school envisaged the trend of Ijtihad is a contradictory problem? This sort of Ijtihad is forbidden according to Shiite Islam and Hanbali School while it is permitted in other Sunni schools and considered as valid proof as Quran and Sunnah in determining Shariah rulings; believing that the Islamic rulings available in Quran and Sunnah are finite and limited while situations and actions are not. They therefore ruled out in the cases which had no ruling by divine text, the mujtahids must exercise his personal thinking to derive a new ruling. This permission has been grounded on some narrated ahadith from the Prophet and the most famous one is the Prophets hadith when he sent to Yemen, the companion Muadh Ibn Jabal, he question him on how he would issue rulings there. He replied: In compliance with the Book. And if it is not in the book? I will exercise the Sunnah of the Prophet. And if it is not in the Sunnah of the Prophet? I will exercise my own opinion (Ajtahidu ra yi) he replied. (Abu Dawud, V.3, p. 303) In fact, Sunni Muslims differ on what is Ijtihad al-ray and how is going to be envisaged as binding testimony in shariah? Al-Shafi`i maintains that the sole valid Ijtihad is qiyas. Nevertheless some other Sunni jurists see beside qyias as Ijtihad alray; finding judicial preference istihsan by jurists personal deliberations in quite independent cases on the base of justice and truth. Similarly with public-interest istislah as weighing one thing as more convenient than another some others counted too as an add-on in opinionative Ijtihad besides to the principles of jurisprudence. (Coulson, 1964, p. 53-64) In contrast; the Shiite Islam believes, that Quran and Sunnah are complete and adequate; it therefore rejects and prohibits both Ijtihad alra y, especially analogy. Shiite Jurists back up their view with so many relevant Quranic verses and ahadith from their Imams and reject the very idea of revering qyias as absolute; because it is a type of conjecture and misleading methodology that can generate various errors. Despite their anti-qiyas attitude, they anonymously adopted the aspects of the principle of jurisprudence. The right of such Ijtihad proved the Sunnis wrong in practice; if everyone is allowed to exercise and revere his own interpretive opinion, and then Islam as religion would be distorted. It might have been for this reason that the validity of independent Ijtihad was gradually cancelled by instructing Sunni mujtahids to exercise taqlid of the four Sunnis famous schools of thought, in the absence of the Abbasid political impulsion. Nevertheless, Ijtihad should not be left hijacked by classical sectarian schools fundamentals and special elite of Muslim scholars whether in Shiites or Sunnis, then what kind of Ijtihad should be forbidden in Islam? 4. The kind of forbidden Ijtihad: Whether is the narrow legal definition of Ijtihad as a struggle of intellectual process to interpret primary sources and derive rulings;

Shamanism Essay -- Spirit Shaman Shamanism Essays

Shamanism To truly understand the meaning of shamanism one must uncover the original definition. The word shaman comes from the language of the Evenk, a small Tungus-speaking group of hunters and reindeer herders from Siberia. It was first used only to designate a religious specialist from this region. By the beginning of the 20th century it was already being applied to a variety of North America and South American practices from the present and the past. Today people have gone as far as defining the word shaman as any human that acknowledges that he/she has had contact with spiritual entities. Well at least the term still refers to human beings. The Siberian shaman's soul is said to be able to leave the body and travel to other parts of the cosmos, particularly to an upper world in the sky and a lower world underground. How can anyone know what the people of Mesoamerica were seeing if they in fact were even in these states of trance. A broader definition is that shamans would include any kind of person who is in control of his or her state of trance, even if this does not involve a soul journey. This broader definition stills does not include a culture that no one was around to document. Does anyone really know if these ‘shamans’ controlled their state of trance? Not to mention, there is no evidence of a written language of either the Olmec or West Mexican regions to date. These definitions of shamanism are very brief and really can not be upheld as a specific precise and accurate definition, however shamanism within these parameters has been widely accepted both in the early and late twentieth century, and into today. Shamanism due to its many definitions could be just about any being that can be observed practicing. Shamanism is not a single, unified religion but a cross-cultural form of religious sensibility and practice. It is a complex set of practices, beliefs, values and behaviors that enable the practitioner to elect a shift from ordinary consciousness into a trance state with a specific goal in mind. Such as healing, obtaining information, power, vision, divination, contacting the spirit of the deceased, soul retrieval or guidance for right action. Shamanism is scattered and fragmented and should perhaps not be called an -ism at all. There is no doctrine, no world shamanic church, no holy book as a point of reference, no priests with... ...ght to be a part of some religions. Some have completely discredited the theory of Shamanism as a way of coping out in research. To completely convince readers of a theory, there should be a firm base to their argument and there is not one when it comes to shamanism in Ancient Mesoamerican cultures such as the Olmec and West Mexican cultures. (Hamayon, 1-5) The word ‘shamanism’ has been thrown around a great deal these days, and attached to a variety of behaviors, sometimes with only a vague understanding of its meaning. Most people who study the existence of shamans have very little knowledge of what actual tribal shamans practiced in any given culture. A researcher or interested seeker, looking through all the widely varied literature, will notice both similarities and differences between anthropological descriptions of long-ago tribal shamans and similar iconography of Mesoamerica. Similarities could mean that there were rituals of a similar magnitude but it does not prove that they are all a part of a giant web that stretches across the world. Confusion on the topic and its many interpretations cloud its origin and force a compromising stance on the very word ‘shamanism’.

Critical Reflection Essay Essay

Upon reflective exploration of my 16 week journey regarding the overall critical reflection of Nursing 5403 also referred to as Organizational Theory or Administration I, I find that I have a more sound and in depth theoretical understanding of key leadership and nursing administrative concepts and processes. This course has increased my knowledge base in regards to organizational design, augmented my awareness of healthcare administrative concepts, and strengthened my understanding of management concepts and processes. This educational experience has revealed imperative and insightful examples and practices used to become a more efficient, effective and formative leader. I have increased my usage of many of these concepts to improve my leadership skills and practice, to â€Å"walk the walk†, in my daily work /life regimen. I will examine, evaluate, and reflect on the core information covered in this course by dividing the methods of delivery into three main presentation categ ories: written, oral, and online. The written presentation format was used to deliver the five discussion board questions and leadership instrument paper results. The discussion board allowed the opportunity to explore management concepts and practices from various perspectives. The leadership instrument paper allowed in depth exploration of variety of traits, theories, and practices important to leaders. I found both of these learning experiences very enlightening and beneficial to my overall managerial acumen. Northhouse (2013), explained on the sixteen types and styles of leadership, which had a major impact on my overall viewpoints regarding humans and management in our administrative worlds today. I was able to identify and relate the diverse leadership styles and types in a positive way and glean insightful understanding of different people and their leadership potential. The discussion board gave me free range to strengthen my self-expressive abilities and interact with my peers. The leadership instrument pape r allowed for self-analysis with specific references to key leadership ideals and concepts. I feel both assignments gave me insight into my leadership strengths, weaknesses, foci, and desires which will in turn assist me in  becoming a successful consistent leader. Oral presentations were used by both the students and the professor to teach assigned lessons. The dyad presentations were completed within the professor assigned groups. The organizational culture assignment was individually completed by each student. Dr. Junious, our professor, presented multiple management and leadership topics during the 16-week timeframe of our course work. The dyad group assignments allowed the students to work as a team, increase/ improve communication skills, and strengthen public speaking skills. The organizational culture assignment enriched my understanding of my department’s culture and fostered a new understanding and more tolerable acceptance of the different personalities which shapes my department and company. The professor guided topics allowed me to glean current knowledge on trends in nursing leadership and introduced new variables regarding emotional intelligence. One of the crucial components from our main source, Roussell (2013) which I have used on a consistent basis are the power listing tools known as, â€Å"AMPP†, which stands for: ask, mirror, paraphrase, and prime. Consistent usage of these tools has empowered my ability to extract important information in a judicious manner, which has resulted in workflow improvement and increased productivity in my current position. The online method was used to complete our online certificate training for the Institute of Healthcare Improvement (IHI) leadership and quality courses. Both of these certificate online courses were very informative and educational. I gained excellent training from these online courses. The information presented in this online self-study gave illuminating examples, and reinforced positive and evidence based methods of leadership and analytical procedures. My goal is to complete at least eight of the other courses listed on this website to strengthen my inner self to produce stronger leadership abilities and increase process awareness. Overall, the knowledge, skills, and experience gleaned from my enrollment and participation in this class has enhanced my understanding of organizational processes and essential, effective leadership traits. I truly enjoyed my time in this course, it was interesting and informative.  The educational experience has stimulated and supported both professional and personal growth in my life. The traits and theoretical evidence based practices illustrated within our resources reinforced my thoughts that great leaders are formed and not born. References Northhouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Roussel, L. (2013). Management and Leadership for Nurse Administrators. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis is the second most common inherited disorder occurring in kids in the United States today. It is a life-long disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs and digestive system. More than 10 million Americans carry the defective Cystic Fibrosis gene without knowing (Gibbons). One in every twenty people is a carrier. The ethnic group that has the highest risk of inheriting Cystic Fibrosis is Caucasians, whereas Asian Americans have the lowest risk of developing the disorder. The symptoms of the disorder are never the same for everyone. They depend on the severity of the disorder, and can get increasingly worse over time. Doctors use many methods in order to diagnose Cystic Fibrosis, and there are many treatments and airway clearance techniques available to the patients. These treatments ease the symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosing and treating Cystic Fibrosis has improved rapidly over the years, and doctors have developed new treatments to help expand patient's lives.Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects the cells in the epithelium that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Instead of the mucus, sweat and the digestive juices lining organs, they become thick and sticky and block passageways within the body. People who inherit Cystic Fibrosis get two faulty genes, one from their mother, and one from their father ("Cystic Fibrosis"). Mutations from the Cystic Fibrosis genes make a protein cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator, CFTR, which causes the chloride ions to function incorrectly. This disrupts the essential balance of salt and water needed to maintain a normal coating of mucus which affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. Almost 1,400 different mutations of the CF gene can lead to Cystic Fibrosis (Goldman). The most common inherited gene is Delta F508, which is...

Reflection Questions 1 †Education Essay question and answer

Reflection Questions 1 – Education Essay question and answer Free Online Research Papers Q: Do you agree that having an enthusiastic teacher teach an unimportant subjet is preferable to an uninspired teacher teaching a crucial subject? What implications do you see in this remark? On what assumptions about teaching, students, and subject matter is based? R:I think that I would rather have a teacher that is enthusiastic teacher to teach a critical subject would be the ideal learning environment. Further, the implications in this remark are that a teacher should be conformable with the content which they are instructing, as well as show a level of enthusiasm. A teacher should be dry and boring to the point that students dread you teaching them. Q:What is the difference between common sense and theoretical knowledge? R:The difference between common sense and theoretical knowledge it that common sense it the type of knowledge that is learned in everyday environment. For example; a person applies and uses common sense when going out in the rain; their common sense, which is learned tells them to take an umbrella to keep from getting wet. In contrast, theoretical knowledge is the learned knowledge by reading text material on various subjects. Theoretical knowledge is usually applicable in the context to which it applies. Q: We have maintained that decision-making skills are important for teachers. What do you think you can do to improve your ability to make good decisions as you plan and deliver instruction? R:To improve my decision making skills and abilities as I plan and deliver instruction, I will practice making as many sound decisions that I can. I believe that in order to learn how to make proper decisions as a future teacher, you must endeavor to practice making as many decision as you are cable of over a given day or in the course of a time frame. Q:Which of the skills listed in the â€Å"knowing Venus Doing† section of this chapter seems most important to you? What skills would you add to the list? What skills would you subtract from it? R: As a future teacher I would keep all to the following from the list of â€Å"knowing versus doing†. They are all pertinent essential skills for teaching. Research Papers on Reflection Questions 1 - Education Essay question and answerStandardized TestingBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

Air Pollution and Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Air Pollution and Public Health - Essay Example This research paper informs us that the state of public health in the recent years has decreased with increased cases of respiratory, heart and cancer cases on the rise in the United States and other countries across the world. This is particularly the case among the young and the elderly. In addition, exhaust from buses, cars and trucks contribute to the amount of green house gases in the atmosphere. This has led to global warming which has in turn brought about negative effects on health and the climate. Climate change due to global warming has seen temperatures rise leading to death of hundreds of people for example in Chicago due to heat wave. Further, global warming has led to return of diseases such as malaria that for a long time did not occur in United States. Droughts, hurricanes, storms are on the rise due to global warming. According to statistics, air pollution has contributed to 440 deaths each year. Healthcare facilities are increasingly reporting cases of asthma, bronc hitis, heart attacks and cancer. This is highly attributed to pollution particularly air pollution caused by the transportation industry. Exhaust from cars and related industries have contributed to increased levels of dangerous fumes and gases that have in turn greatly affected the state of public health. This study examines ways in which the transportation industry has contributed to poor public health through air pollution. The study will also suggest ways through which air pollution due to cars on the road can be reduced.... Further, global warming has led to return of diseases such as malaria that for a long time did not occur in United States. Droughts, hurricanes, avalanches and storms are on the rise due to global warming leading to more deaths of people around the world (Sierra Club 2). According to statistics, air pollution has contributed to 440 deaths each year in different ways. In Liberia, the well-being of the residents of Monrovia metropolitan area is threatened by air pollution. The ministry of health has recorded an increase in cancer and respiratory ailments in the past two decades. Increase in air pollution in Monrovia is attributed to the second hand cars imported into the country. Most of these vehicles are more than eight years old and significantly contribute to air pollution. Moreover, Liberia is one of the few countries in the world that still uses leaded gasoline. This has serious health repercussion on the population with increased cases of cancer. This is not helped by lack of st ringent environmental laws to protect the people against the effects of air pollution due to second hand cars and leaded gasoline (Nyepon para. 3-7). Of all the cars in use today across the world, light trucks and particularly the SUV is considered the biggest contributor of green house gases in the atmosphere. It emits 47 times more air pollutants than the average car contributing more than 20 percent of the total US carbon dioxide pollution. Despite the US government move to reduce the number of fuel guzzlers on the road, the number of SUV’s on the roads has increased. This is because the SUV is treated as a light truck meaning they are not held up to strict environmental standards as other cars. Light trucks were excluded as they were used to do manual work such as carrying

Physics of Sound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physics of Sound - Essay Example The nature of sound could, therefore, be defined through standard wave characteristics. Loudness would be a direct component of the amplitude with sound intensity being the rightful physical description to use in this context. This intensity would directly depend on the quantity of wave energy which meets the area which is perpendicular to the direction of the wave at a specified time period. The intensity of sound would thus be expressed in Jm2s. Since dividing a joule by second yields the unit of power, Watt, Myers (134) defines sound intensity as the quantity of power that is transmitted through an area, expressed in watts per square meter (Wm-2). According to the inverse square rule – the intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square distance from the source (Parker 8), – as the sound spreads, the intensity decreases explaining the relation of intensity and distance from the source. Pitch is another characteristic but one that relates to frequency. Musi cal instruments’ strings that vibrate rapidly result in high pitched sounds. Temperature, density, and humidity affect yet another factor, the speed of sound (Myers 136). The equation (331 + 0.6T) m/s gives the speed of sound with T being the temperature in 0C, approximated at 343, 1,480 and 6,000 m/s in the air, water, and steel respectively at room temperature. The speed of sound has been found to be higher in liquids and solids than in air.Myers (135) notes that the threshold of human hearing is about 10-12Wm-2 above which most humans would experience pain. Human ear detects s